Palm kernels (state: s)

Material type: Other Residue

Exergy values

Method	Minimum / kJ/kg	Mean / kJ/kg	Maximum / kJ/kg
heating values: Huang et al (2016) HHV	21102.2	21102.2	21102.2
heating values: Song et al (2012) HHV	20317.0	20317.0	20317.0
heating values: Zhang et al (2016) HHV	20523.7	20523.7	20523.7
ultimate: Hongliang et al (2017)	20488.3	20501.1	20513.8
ultimate: Shieh & Fan (1982)	19793.0	19794.2	19795.4
ultimate: Song et al (2012)	20879.7	20891.8	20903.9
ultimate: Stepanov (1995)	19202.1	19212.5	19222.9

Composition

No substance composition data.

Proximate analysis

Component	Wt %
VM	77.30
FC	17.50
A	5.20

Reference: (Vassilev, et al., 2010)

Component	Wt %
VM	77.30
FC	17.50
A	5.20

Reference: (Song, et al., 2011)

Ultimate analysis

Component	Wt %
Ash	5.20
C	48.26
O	37.38
H	6.15
N	2.56
S	0.26
Cl	0.20

Reference: (Vassilev, et al., 2010)

Component	Wt %
Ash	5.20
C	48.34
O	37.45
H	6.15
N	2.60
S	0.26
Cl	0.00

Reference: (Song, et al., 2011)

Heating values

Heating value	kJ/kg
HHV	19405.0
LHV	None

Reference: (Song, et al., 2012)