Straw (state: s)

Material type: Straws

Exergy values

Method	Minimum / kJ/kg	Mean / kJ/kg	Maximum / kJ/kg
heating values: Huang et al (2016) HHV	18826.4	18826.4	18826.4
heating values: Song et al (2012) HHV	17880.7	17880.7	17880.7
heating values: Zhang et al (2016) HHV	18103.6	18103.6	18103.6
ultimate: Hongliang et al (2017)	17856.2	17899.4	17942.6
ultimate: Shieh & Fan (1982)	16266.0	16275.9	16285.8
ultimate: Song et al (2012)	17464.5	17505.9	17547.3
ultimate: Stepanov (1995)	15658.9	15695.7	15732.6

Composition

No substance composition data.

Proximate analysis

Component	Wt %
VM	73.40
FC	15.80
A	10.80

Reference: (Vassilev, et al., 2010)

Component	Wt %
VM	73.40
FC	15.80
A	10.80

Reference: (Song, et al., 2011)

Ultimate analysis

Component	Wt %
Ash	10.80
C	43.28
O	39.47
H	4.97
N	0.89
S	0.12
Cl	0.48

Reference: (Vassilev, et al., 2010)

Component	Wt %
Ash	10.80
C	43.50
O	39.70
H	4.99
N	0.90
S	0.12
Cl	0.00

Reference: (Song, et al., 2011)

Heating values

Heating value	kJ/kg
HHV	17078.0
LHV	None

Reference: (Song, et al., 2012)