Pine needles (state: s)

Material type: Needles

Exergy values

Method	Minimum / kJ/kg	Mean / kJ/kg	Maximum / kJ/kg
heating values: Huang et al (2016) HHV	22508.6	22508.6	22508.6
heating values: Song et al (2012) HHV	21822.6	21822.6	21822.6
heating values: Zhang et al (2016) HHV	22019.2	22019.2	22019.2
ultimate: Hongliang et al (2017)	21933.7	21933.7	21933.7
ultimate: Shieh & Fan (1982)	21151.2	21151.2	21151.2
ultimate: Song et al (2012)	22422.7	22422.7	22422.7
ultimate: Stepanov (1995)	20483.7	20483.7	20483.7

Composition

No substance composition data.

Proximate analysis

No proximate analysis data.

Ultimate analysis

Component	Wt %
Ash	0.00
C	52.56
O	40.44
H	6.30
N	0.54
S	0.16
Cl	0.00

Reference: (Eboh, et al., 2016)

Heating values

Heating value	kJ/kg
HHV	20843.0
LHV	None

Reference: (Eboh, et al., 2016)