Birch bark (state: s)

Material type: Wood

Exergy values

Method	Minimum / kJ/kg	Mean / kJ/kg	Maximum / kJ/kg
heating values: Huang et al (2016) HHV	23508.1	23508.1	23508.1
heating values: Song et al (2012) HHV	22892.7	22892.7	22892.7
heating values: Zhang et al (2016) HHV	23082.1	23082.1	23082.1
ultimate: Hongliang et al (2017)	23144.5	23151.6	23158.7
ultimate: Shieh & Fan (1982)	23223.8	23233.9	23244.0
ultimate: Song et al (2012)	24277.2	24286.8	24296.3
ultimate: Stepanov (1995)	22523.9	22533.7	22543.5

Composition

No substance composition data.

Proximate analysis

Component	Wt %
VM	78.50
FC	19.40
A	2.10

Reference: (Vassilev, et al., 2010)

Component	Wt %
VM	78.50
FC	19.40
A	2.10

Reference: (Song, et al., 2011)

Ultimate analysis

Component	Wt %
Ash	2.10
C	55.80
O	34.95
H	6.56
N	0.49
S	0.10
Cl	0.00

Reference: (Vassilev, et al., 2010)

Component	Wt %
Ash	2.10
C	55.77
O	34.98
H	6.56
N	0.50
S	0.10
Cl	0.00

Reference: (Song, et al., 2011)

Heating values

Heating value	kJ/kg
HHV	21865.0
LHV	None

Reference: (Song, et al., 2012)