Rape straw (state: s)

Material type: Straws

Exergy values

Method	Minimum / kJ/kg	Mean / kJ/kg	Maximum / kJ/kg
heating values: Huang et al (2016) HHV	20485.1	20485.1	20485.1
heating values: Song et al (2012) HHV	19656.4	19656.4	19656.4
heating values: Zhang et al (2016) HHV	19867.5	19867.5	19867.5
ultimate: Hongliang et al (2017)	19790.6	19791.0	19791.5
ultimate: Shieh & Fan (1982)	18341.5	18342.6	18343.7
ultimate: Song et al (2012)	19613.7	19614.2	19614.8
ultimate: Stepanov (1995)	17751.4	17752.3	17753.1

Composition

No substance composition data.

Proximate analysis

Component	Wt %
VM	77.40
FC	17.90
A	4.70

Reference: (Vassilev, et al., 2010)

Component	Wt %
VM	77.40
FC	17.90
A	4.70

Reference: (Song, et al., 2011)

Ultimate analysis

Component	Wt %
Ash	4.70
C	46.21
O	42.40
H	6.10
N	0.48
S	0.10
Cl	0.03

Reference: (Vassilev, et al., 2010)

Component	Wt %
Ash	4.70
C	46.20
O	42.40
H	6.10
N	0.50
S	0.10
Cl	0.00

Reference: (Song, et al., 2011)

Heating values

Heating value	kJ/kg
HHV	18774.0
LHV	None

Reference: (Song, et al., 2012)